DNA Interaction with Palladium Chelates of Biogenic Polyamines Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Voltammetric Characterization

Abstract

The interaction of double-stranded DNA with two polynuclear Pd(II) chelates with the biogenic polyamines spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), Pd(II)-Spd and Pd(II)-Spm, as well as with the free ligands Spd and Spm, was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) at a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface, voltammetry at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode, and gel electrophoresis. The AFM and voltammetric results showed that the interaction of Spd and Spm with DNA occurred even for a low concentration of polyamines and caused no oxidative damage to DNA. The Pd(II)-Spd and Pd(II)-Spm complexes were found to induce greater morphological changes in the dsDNA conformation, when compared with their ligands. The interaction was specific, inducing distortion and local denaturation of the B-DNA structure with release of some guanine bases. The DNA strands partially opened give rise to palladium intra- and interstrand cross-links, leading to the formation of DNA adducts and aggregates, particularly in the case of the Pd(II)-Spd complex.