Sofia C.Pais has a postdoctoral grant (ref.SFRH/BPD/86182/2012) at theCentro de Estudos Sociais of the University of Coimbra from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).Study1 was conducted during her Ph.D.at the University of Porto where she was also supported by the FCT(ref. SFRH/BD/38739/2007). Mariana Rodrigues is a doctoral student at the University of Porto with a scholarship from the FCT (ref.SFRH/BD/87458/2012).She was a research assistant in the project Participatory citizenship education in transitional societies financed by the FCT(ref.PTDC/CPE-CED/102952/2008)part of which is presented as Study2