Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10316/95042
Title: Novel approach on the synthesis of starch betainate by transesterification
Authors: Sharma, Mohit 
Aguado, Roberto 
Murtinho, Dina 
Valente, Artur J. M. 
Ferreira, Paulo J. T. 
Keywords: Betaine methyl ester; Starch betainate; Transesterification
Issue Date: 28-May-2021
Publisher: Elsevier
Project: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/The inpactus - Innovative Products and Technologies from Eucalyptus, Project/21874 
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/UID/QUI/00313/2020 
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCTUIDB/00102/ 2020 
Serial title, monograph or event: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Volume: 182
Abstract: Transesterification of starch with methyl betainate was studied for the first time, both in aprotic media and in solid state, and both under alkaline and acidic conditions. Betaine hydrochloride was first esterified in methanol, attaining a conversion of 86%. Starch was then converted into starch betainate in either N,N-dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide, and using sulfuric acid as catalyst or pre-activating the polymer in NaOH/ethanol. Furthermore, solid-state transesterification was carried out in a ball mill, for which sulfuric acid was replaced with the less corrosive sulfamic acid. Cationic starch esters were characterised by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, viscometry, optical microscopy (in water) and scanning electron microscopy (dry). In solution, the process attained degrees of substitution up to 0.4. No by-products, dehydration, oxidation or colouring were detected, but starch underwent severe depolymerization in wet media. In solid state, whilst the resulting degree of substitution was lower, degradation was minimal. In any case, transesterification, with its variety of possibilities, yields cationic starches that offer a promising alternative to conventional ethers.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/10316/95042
ISSN: 01418130
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.175
Rights: embargoedAccess
Appears in Collections:I&D CIEPQPF - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais

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